Commotio cordis (conmoción cardíaca) en un niño. Reporte de un caso / Commotio cordis (cardiac concussion) in a child. A case report

Commotio cordis o conmoción cardíaca es un síndrome arritmogénico mecano-eléctrico raro y mortal. Es la segunda causa de muerte súbita en atletas jóvenes. Se asocia con una lesión que se produce durante la práctica deportiva, en la que un proyectil impacta a alta velocidad en el precordio y provoca una arritmia que conduce a la muerte inmediata del individuo sin una reanimación cardíaca. En las autopsias, los corazones son estructuralmente sanos. Con el conocimiento de este síndrome y las capacitaciones de reanimación cardiorrespiratoria a la comunidad, las tasas de supervivencia han mejorado. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir un paciente que llegó a nuestro hospital con conmotio cordis y su evolución, enfatizando la importancia de medidas de prevención y capacitación de la población en técnicas de reanimación cardiopulmonar y uso del desfibrilador externo automático para la supervivencia de los pacientes que sufren esta entidad.

Commotio cordis or cardiac concussion is a rare and fatal mechano-electric arrhythmogenic syndrome. It is the second most common cause of sudden cardiac death in young athletes. It is most commonly associated with a sports-related injury, wherein, there is a high-velocity impact between a projectile and the precordium, causing arrhythmia that leads to the immediate death of the individual without cardiac resuscitation. On autopsy, the heart is structurally normal. With increasing awareness of this condition and community training in cardiopulmonary resuscitation, survival rates have been improving. The objective of this study is to describe the case of a patient who arrived at our hospital with commotio cordis and his course, emphasizing the importance of prevention and training of the population in cardiopulmonary resuscitation techniques and the use of the automated external defibrillator for the survival of patients suffering from commotio cordis.

Panscleritis After Blunt Ocular Trauma in A Child with Epididymitis / 中国医学科学杂志(英文版)

We reported an 8-year-old boy with panscleritis in left eye and right epididymitis after falling on the ground. Etiologic diagnosis played a key role in this case. Systemic examinations ruled out systemic autoimmune diseases, tumors, and infections as the cause of scleritis and suggested that the disease was caused by a local delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) induced by ocular trauma and was non-infectious. Still, the right epididymitis was infectious. Both conditions were treated successfully using steroids and antibiotics, respectively. Thus, early etiologic diagnosis and reasonable treatment are crucial to prevent visual loss.

Scapulothoracic dissociation and blunt vertebral vascular injury: case report / > Disociación escapulo-torácica y trauma cerrado de arteria vertebral: reporte de un caso

Abstract Case Description: A 24-year-old male suffers from a motor vehicle accident with penetrating neck trauma and concomitant closed left cervicothoracic trauma. Clinical Findings: High impact trauma causing hypovolemic shock, left zone I penetrating neck trauma, ischemia due to blunt trauma to the axillary vessels, and brachial plexus injury. Transection of the vertebral artery on angiotomography. Diagnosed with scapulothoracic dissociation and vertebral artery trauma. Treatment and outcome: Axillary arteriovenous reconstruction, fasciotomies, non-surgical approach of the vertebral artery trauma, and deferred treatment of the brachial plexus trauma were performed. Survival of the patient and his limb, with major neurologic sequelae Clinical Relevance: The case presented here is an example of scapulothoracic dissociation with associated trauma to the vertebral artery, injuries that are uncommon and associated with high morbidity and mortality. Early recognition of the injuries and a multidisciplinary approach for this complex case by surgical board reviews at various levels within the course of care were key determinants in the patient's improved prognosis. This case report presents an analysis of the diagnostics, treatment, and course; considering in-hospital care and the decision-making process as determinants for the prognosis in a polytrauma patient.

Resumen Descripción del caso: Varón de 24 años que sufre accidente automovilístico con trauma penetrante de cuello y trauma cerrado cervico torácico izquierdo concomitante. Hallazgos clínicos: Shock hipovolémico, trauma en zona I cuello izquierdo, isquemia por trauma cerrado de vasos axilares y lesión por trauma cerrado del plexo braquial; producto de trauma de alto impacto. Sección de arteria vertebral por angiotomografia. Se diagnostica disociación escapulo-torácica y trauma de arteria vertebral. Tratamiento y resultado: Reconstrucción vascular arterio-venosa axilar, fasciotomías y abordaje no operatorio del trauma de arteria vertebral, con manejo diferido del trauma del plexo braquial. Sobrevida del paciente y su extremidad, con secuelas neurológicas mayores. Relevancia clínica: Es un caso de disociación escapulotorácica y lesión de arteria vertebral concomitante, siendo esta una asociación infrecuente y de alta morbi-mortalidad. El reconocimiento temprano de las lesiones y un abordaje multidisciplinario de este escenario de complejidad por medio de juntas quirúrgicas en varios niveles del proceso de atención, fueron determinantes para cambiar el pronóstico del paciente. Se presenta un análisis del diagnóstico, manejo y evolución; considerando el proceso de atención hospitalaria, toma consensuada de decisiones y el pronóstico en un paciente politraumatizado.

Perforación traumática aislada de la vesícula biliar: revisión de la literatura actual con reporte de un caso / Isolated gallbladder perforation following blunt abdominal trauma: literature review and case report

Resumen Introducción La lesión de la vesícula biliar secundaria a trauma abdominal cerrado constituye un evento infrecuente de perforación traumática de ella, de presentación tardía. Objetivo Revisar la literatura científica actualmente disponible y además describimos un caso. Materiales y Método Utilizando la plataforma PubMed se buscan las siguientes palabras clave: " Blunt abdominal trauma ". Se seleccionan las series con lesiones de la vesícula biliar: " Traumatic gallbladder rupture". Se seleccionan los reportes de lesiones aisladas de la vesícula biliar: " Isolated gallbladder rupture ". Se seleccionan los reportes de presentación tardía de lesiones aisladas de la vesícula biliar: " Delayed presentation of isolated gallbladder rupture ". Resultados De todas estas publicaciones se seleccionan las que a criterio de los autores son relevantes para el presente caso. Discusión La mayoría de las perforaciones de la vesícula biliar se producen en vesículas sanas de paredes delgadas distendidas por el ayuno o el consumo de alcohol. No existe una presentación clínica clásica. Los estudios imagenológicos son inespecíficos y se llega al diagnóstico definitivo durante la exploración quirúrgica. El tratamiento de esta lesión es la colecistectomía. Conclusiones El diagnóstico no es fácil, pero la resolución es relativamente simple y el pronóstico es bueno. El presente caso ilustra este tipo de lesiones en pacientes con trauma abdominal cerrado.

Introduction Gallbladder injury secondary to blunt abdominal trauma is a rare event. Aim Review the current available scientific literature and describe a case. Materials and Method Using the PubMed platform, the following keywords were searched: "Blunt abdominal trauma". Series with gallbladder lesions were selected: "Traumatic gallbladder rupture". Reports of isolated lesions of the gallbladder were selected: "Isolated gallbladder rupture". Reports of late presentation of isolated lesions of the gallbladder were selected: "Delayed presentation of isolated gallbladder rupture". Of all these publications, those that were relevant to the present case were selected according to the criteria of the authors. Case report A 20 years-old male patient suffered an abdominal trauma two weeks before presentation at our Institution. He underwent an exploratory laparotomy showing bilious content and a gallbladder perforation over the peritoneal wall as an isolated injury. Discussion Most isolated gallbladder perforations occur in healthy gallbladders with thin walls and distended because fasting or alcohol consumption. There are no classical clinical features to diagnose this specific injury and radiologic studies are nonspecific. Definitive diagnosis is often reached during surgery as it was with our patient. Recommended treatment is cholecystectomy. Conclusions This case illustrates this unique kind of gallbladder injury in patients with blunt abdominal trauma. A clear diagnosis is not easy however, the treatment is simple and prognosis is good.

Pediatric traumatic cataract review: origin of the trauma / Catarata traumática pediátrica: origem do trauma

Abstract Objective: To identify the main causes of traumatic cataracts in childhood, based on a scientific review. Methods: Review in Lilacs, Pubmed, Cochrane, Bireme and Sciencedirect databases for the keywords: infant cataract, traumatic cataract, child, pediatrics, low vision, blindness, cause, incidence, ocular trauma. Results: Seventy-two (72) articles on traumatic cataract were found. From these, 17 presented tables relating the cause of ocular trauma to the formation of cataract in pediatrics. This article presents the main findings and analysis of the topic in the literature. Conclusion: The traumas etiologies which were most prominent in the studies analyzed were pointed objects such as cuttings, splinters and wood stick. Boys were more affected and there was a relation with practice of internal and external activities of domicile, in rural and urban zones.

Resumo Objetivo: Identificar as principais causas das cataratas traumáticas na infância, baseado numa revisão científica. Métodos: Pesquisa nas bases de dados Lilacs, Pubmed, Cochrane, Bireme e Sciencedirect com as palavras- chave: catarata infantil, catarata traumática, criança, pediatria, baixa visão, cegueira, causa, incidência, trauma ocular. Resultados: Foram encontrados setenta e dois (72) artigos sobre catarata traumática. Destes, 17 apresentaram tabelas relacionando a causa do trauma ocular com a formação de catarata em pediatria. Este artigo apresenta os principais achados e análise do tema na literatura. Conclusão: As etiologias dos traumas que apresentaram maior destaque nos estudos analisados foram com objetos pontiagudos como estaca, lascas e graveto de madeira. Meninos foram mais acometidos e houve relação com prática de atividades internas e externas ao domicilio, em zona rural e urbana.

Tratamiento mínimamente invasivo de una lesión de la vía biliar secundaria a un traumatismo abdominal cerrado: Caso clínico / Minimally invasive treatment of biliary tract injury secondary to closed abdominal trauma: Clinical case

Las lesiones hepáticas y de las vías biliares por causa traumática son poco usuales en la edad pediátrica. Del total de pacientes con trauma abdominal cerrado, menos del 9 % presentan lesión hepática, y la frecuencia varía entre el 2 % y el 3 % de la lesión de las vías biliares. Actualmente, el tratamiento recomendado para el trauma abdominal cerrado con lesión hepática sin repercusión hemodinámica es conservador; en caso de presentar lesión de la vía biliar intra- o extrahepática, los abordajes de preferencia son mínimamente invasivos, como la cirugía percutánea o endoscópica, y se utiliza la laparotomía en casos seleccionados. Se presenta el caso de un paciente con trauma abdominal cerrado y trauma hepático, inicialmente laparotomizado en 2 ocasiones por inestabilidad hemodinámica y hemoperitoneo; presentó un bilioma subdiafragmático y coleperitoneo, en el que se realizó un manejo mínimamente invasivo por drenaje percutáneo bajo control tomográfico.

Hepatic and biliary tract injuries due to traumatic causes are rare in pediatric patients. Of the total number of patients with closed abdominal trauma, less than 9 % have liver injury, and the frequency varies between 2 and 3 % of biliary tract lesions. Currently, the recommended treatment for closed abdominal trauma with liver injury without hemodynamic repercussion is conservative. In case of presenting intra or extrahepatic biliary tract lesion, the preferred approaches are minimally invasive, such as percutaneous or endoscopic surgery, using laparotomy in selected cases. We present the case of a patient with closed abdominal trauma and liver trauma, initially laparotomized on 2 occasions due to hemodynamic instability and hemoperitoneum; presented a subdiaphragmatic and coleperitoneal bilioma; it was performed minimally invasive percutaneous drainage under tomographic control.

Preditores de mortalidade em pacientes com fratura de pelve por trauma contuso / Mortality predictors in patients with pelvic fractures from blunt trauma

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar a associação de mortalidade com variáveis sociodemográficas, clínicas, lesões e complicações em pacientes com trauma de pelve decorrente de trauma contuso. Métodos: estudo retrospectivo e observacional com dados de registro de trauma obtidos durante cinco anos. O óbito foi a variável de estratificação das análises. Para verificar se as variáveis de interesse tinham associação com o óbito, foi realizado o teste t de Student e teste do Qui-quadrado (ou Fisher) e Wilcoxon-Mann Whitney. Os fatores independentemente associados ao óbito foram analisados por modelo logístico binomial, e com base nos testes de Wald e por Critérios de Informação de Akaike (AIC) e Bayesiano de Schwarz (BIC). Resultados: dos 28 pacientes com fratura de pelve por trauma contuso, 23 (82,1%) eram homens; 16 (57,1%) com média de idade de 38,8 anos (desvio padrão 17,3). Houve 98 lesões ou fraturas nos 28 pacientes. Quanto à gravidade, sete pacientes tiveram Injury Severity Score superior a 24 (25%). O tempo de internação hospitalar médio foi 26,8 dias (DP=22,4). Quinze pacientes (53,6%) tiveram internação em UTI. A incidência de óbito foi de 21,4%. A análise mostrou que idade igual ou maior do que 50 anos e presença de coagulopatia foram fatores independentemente associados ao óbito. Conclusão: as fraturas de pelve podem ter mortalidade elevada. Neste estudo a mortalidade foi superior ao que é descrito na literatura. A idade acima de 50 anos e a coagulopatia se revelaram fatores de risco nessa população.

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the association of mortality with sociodemographic and clinical variables, as well as lesions and complication in patients with pelvic trauma due to blunt trauma. Methods: we conducted a retrospective, observational study with five-year trauma record data. Death was considered as the main stratification variable for the analyzes. We used the Student t test to compare means, the Chi-Square or Fisher exact test for proportions, and the Wilcoxon-Mann Whitney test for medians. We analyzed the independent factors using a logistic regression model with penalized likelihood, based on the Wald tests, the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and the Schwarz Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC). Results: of the 28 patients with blunt trauma fracture, 23 (82.1%) were men; 16 (57.1%) were, in average, 38.8 years old (±17.3). There were 98 lesions or fractures in the 28 patients. As for severity, seven people had Injury Severity Score higher than 24 (25%). The mean hospital stay was 26.8 days (±22.4). Fifteen patients (53.6%) had ICU admission. Mortality was 21.4%. The analysis showed that age 50 years or more and presence of coagulopathy were factors independently associated with death. Conclusion: pelvic fractures can have high mortality. In this study, mortality was higher than that described in the literature. Age above 50 years and the presence of coagulopathy are risk factors in this population.

Aniridia after blunt trauma and presumed wound dehiscence in a pseudophakic eye / Aniridia após trauma contuso e deiscência presumida da incisão em um olho pseudofácico

ABSTRACT This was a report about a pseudophakic patient who experienced isolated total aniridia without damage to other intraocular structures following blunt trauma to the eye. This patient had a history of uneventful cataract surgery using a small clear corneal incision (CCI). This 71-year-old male presented at our clinic with glare in his left eye. He reported that he had fallen down while drunk and struck his left eye against a stone on the road 15 days earlier. He had undergone cataract surgery on his left eye nine months before the accident at another eye clinic. Slit-lamp examination showed total aniridia in his left eye, but there was no hyphema or cells in the anterior chamber. The intraocular lens in his left eye was stable, without decentration, dislocation, or zonular dehiscence and remained in an intact capsular bag. Review of the medical records from the surgical clinic at which he had undergone cataract surgery indicated no specific findings for any intraocular structure including the iris. He had previously undergone an uneventful phacoemulsification for his left eye through a 2.2 mm CCI, followed by the implantation of a single piece acrylic intraocular lens inside an intact capsular bag. This report showed that small-sized CCIs can be opened postoperatively by trauma and that this can result in isolated total aniridia without damage to other intraocular structures.

RESUMO Relatamos um paciente com história de cirurgia de catarata sem intercorrências usando uma pequena incisão na córnea clara (CCI), que apresentou aniridia total isolada, sem danos a outras estruturas intraoculares, após trauma contuso no olho. Um homem de 71 anos de idade apresentou-se em nossa clínica referindo brilho no olho esquerdo. Ele relatou que, 15 dias antes, havia caído enquanto estava bêbado e atingiu seu olho esquerdo contra uma pedra na estrada. Ele havia passado por uma cirurgia de catarata no olho esquerdo, nove meses antes do acidente em outro serviço. Exame de lâmpada de fenda mostrou aniridia total de olho esquerdo, sem hifema ou células na câmara anterior. A lente intraocular no olho esquerdo ficou estável, com o saco capsular restante intacto, sem descentralização, luxação ou deiscência zonular. O exame dos registros médicos do serviço em que ele havia se submetido a uma cirurgia de catarata não mostraram relatos específicos a qualquer estrutura intraocular, incluindo a íris. O olho esquerdo fora submetido à facoemulsificação sem complicações, através de um CCI de 2,2 mm, seguido pela implantação de uma lente intraocular acrílica peça única dentro do saco capsular intacto. Este relatório mostra que, mesmo pequenas CCIs podem ser abertas no pós-operatório por trauma e que isso pode resultar em aniridia total isolada, sem danos a outras estruturas intraoculares.

Priapismo de alto flujo postraumático en paciente pediátrico tratado con embolización arterial selectiva / Postraumatic high-flow priapism in pediatric patient treated with selective arterial embolization

El priapismo arterial es una rara patología en pacientes pediátricos, originada por una fístula entre la arteria cavernosa y los sinusoides del cuerpo cavernoso, habitualmente secundaria a un traumatismo perineal. Presentamos el caso de un varón de 16 años con priapismo arterial de 5 días de evolución tras una caída a horcajadas, tratado satisfactoriamente mediante embolización arterial supraselectiva con material reabsorbible. Seis meses después, el paciente presenta detumescencia completa sin disfunción eréctil asociada. La embolización arterial en pacientes pediátricos es compleja debido al menor calibre arterial y la necesidad de control de la arteria pudenda interna contralateral para evitar el desarrollo de complicaciones. La utilización de material reabsorbible permite disminuir el riesgo de disfunción eréctil posterior y, aunque presenta un mayor índice de recurrencias, constituye una alternativa eficaz en el tratamiento de esta patología.

Arterial priapism is a rare condition in pediatric patients, caused by a fistula between the cavernous artery and the sinusoids of the corpus cavernosum, usually secondary to perineal trauma. We report the case of a 16 year old child with arterial priapism of 5 days duration following a fall astride, successfully treated by superselective arterial embolization with absorbable material. Six months later the patient had complete detumescence without secondary erectile dysfunction. Arterial embolization in pediatric patients is complex due to the smaller arterial size and the need to control the contralateral internal pudendal artery to prevent the development of complications. The use of absorbable material helps reduce the risk of subsequent erectile dysfunction and, although it has a higher rate of recurrence, is an alternative for the treatment of this pathology.

A combination of methylprednisolone and quercetin is effective for the treatment of cardiac contusion following blunt chest trauma in rats

Cardiac contusion is a potentially fatal complication of blunt chest trauma. The effects of a combination of quercetin and methylprednisolone against trauma-induced cardiac contusion were studied. Thirty-five female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups (n=7) as follows: sham, cardiac contusion with no therapy, treated with methylprednisolone (30 mg/kg on the first day, and 3 mg/kg on the following days), treated with quercetin (50 mg·kg−1·day−1), and treated with a combination of methylprednisolone and quercetin. Serum troponin I (Tn-I) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels and cardiac histopathological findings were evaluated. Tn-I and TNF-α levels were elevated after contusion (P=0.001 and P=0.001). Seven days later, Tn-I and TNF-α levels decreased in the rats treated with methylprednisolone, quercetin, and the combination of methylprednisolone and quercetin compared to the rats without therapy, but a statistical significance was found only with the combination therapy (P=0.001 and P=0.011, respectively). Histopathological degeneration and necrosis scores were statistically lower in the methylprednisolone and quercetin combination group compared to the group treated only with methylprednisolone (P=0.017 and P=0.007, respectively). However, only degeneration scores were lower in the combination therapy group compared to the group treated only with quercetin (P=0.017). Inducible nitric oxide synthase positivity scores were decreased in all treatment groups compared to the untreated groups (P=0.097, P=0.026, and P=0.004, respectively). We conclude that a combination of quercetin and methylprednisolone can be used for the specific treatment of cardiac contusion.

Spontaneous Obliteration of Right Ventricular Pseudoaneurysm after Blunt Chest Trauma: Diagnosis and Follow-Up with Multidetector CT

Right ventricular (RV) pseudoaneurysm caused by trauma is very rare. We report a case of RV pseudoaneurysm which resolved without surgical treatment in a patient who survived a falling accident. Echocardiography failed to identify the pseudoaneurysm. Electrocardiography-gated CT showed a 17-mm-sized saccular pseusoaneurysm arsing from the RV outflow tract with a narrow neck. Follow-up CT after two months showed spontaneous obliteration of the lesion.

Renal artery pseudoaneurysm after blunt renal trauma: report on three cases and review of the literature / Pseudoaneurisma de arteria renal apos trauma renal fechado: relato de tres casos e revisao da literatura

CONTEXT: Renal artery pseudoaneurysm is a rare complication after renal injury but should be suspected whenever there is recurrent hematuria after renal trauma. CASE REPORTS: We present three cases of pseudoaneurysm after blunt renal trauma and a review of the literature. All patients underwent renal angiography. Two cases were diagnosed during the initial hospital stay due to hematuria, or in the follow-up period during recovery. One patient was hemodynamically unstable. Two patients successfully underwent coil embolization in a single session. In the other case, selective embolization was attempted, but was unsuccessful because artery catheterization was impossible. Procedural and medical success and complications were retrospectively assessed from the patients' records. The clinical presentation, treatment options and clinical decisions are discussed. CONCLUSIONS: Renal artery pseudoaneurysm may develop acutely or even years after the initial injury. Signs and symptoms may have a wide spectrum of presentation. Selective angiographic embolization is an effective treatment that reduces the extent of parenchymal infarction. .

CONTEXTO: Pseudoaneurisma de artéria renal é uma complicação rara após lesão renal, mas deve ser suspeitada quando houver hematúria recorrente após trauma renal. RELATO DE CASOS: Três casos de pseudoaneurisma após trauma renal fechado são apresentados, além de revisão da literatura. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a angiografia renal. Dois dos casos foram diagnosticados durante a estadia hospitalar inicial, por hematúria ou no período de acompanhamento durante a recuperação. Um paciente estava hemodinamicamente instável. Dois pacientes foram submetidos a embolização com coil com sucesso em uma única sessão. No outro caso, a embolização seletiva foi tentada sem sucesso, devido à impossibilidade de cateterização da artéria. O sucesso médico e do procedimento e as complicações foram retrospectivamente avaliados a partir dos registros dos pacientes. A apresentação clínica, opções de tratamento e decisões clínicas são discutidas. CONCLUSÕES: Pseudoaneurisma de artéria renal pode se desenvolver agudamente ou até mesmo anos após o trauma inicial. Sinais e sintomas podem ter um amplo espectro de apresentação. Embolização angiográfica seletiva é um tratamento efetivo, reduzindo a extensão de infarto parenquimatoso. .

Planned posterior assisted levitation in severe subluxated cataract: Surgical technique and clinical results.

We report the surgical technique and outcome of planned posterior assisted levitation (P-PAL) in four cases of subluxated cataract. P-PAL was planned as the preferred approach in all cases. A spatula was inserted via the pars plana, the whole lens was lifted to the anterior chamber and then removed through a scleral tunnel incision. Anterior chamber intraocular lenses were implanted in all cases. All four eyes had severe subluxation of the crystalline lenses with marked phacodonesis. Two eyes had history of blunt trauma, and the other two eyes had severe pseudoexfoliation with spontaneous lens subluxation. Follow-up ranged from 1 to 2 years in three cases. The postoperative visual acuity was 20/80 or better. No intraoperative complications were observed. In conclusion, the P-PAL technique was successfully performed during cataract surgery in four eyes with severe subluxated cataracts. There were no complications over the long-term follow-up.

Understanding traumatic blunt cardiac injury.

Cardiac injuries are classified as blunt and penetrating injuries. In both the injuries, the major issue is missing the diagnosis and high mortality. Blunt cardiac injuries (BCI) are much more common than penetrating injuries. Aiming at a better understanding of BCI, we searched the literature from January 1847 to January 2012 by using MEDLINE and EMBASE search engines. Using the key word "Blunt Cardiac Injury," we found 1814 articles; out of which 716 articles were relevant. Herein, we review the causes, diagnosis, and management of BCI. In conclusion, traumatic cardiac injury is a major challenge in critical trauma care, but the guidelines are lacking. A high index of suspicion, application of current diagnostic protocols, and prompt and appropriate management is mandatory.

Hematoma retrofaríngeo secundário a pequeno trauma contuso no pescoço: relato de caso / Retropharyngeal hematoma secondary to minor blunt neck trauma: case report / Hematoma retrofaríngeo secundario a un pequeño trauma contundente en el cuello: relato de caso

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O desenvolvimento de hematoma retrofaríngeo após trauma contuso é uma ocorrência rara. Porém, uma lesão ocupando espaço nessa área pode ser fatal, o que exige rápida avaliação e tratamento. Esse tipo de hematoma é clinicamente importante devido à proximidade entre o espaço retrofaríngeo e a via aérea superior. Qualquer edema nesse espaço pode causar uma protuberância da parede posterior da faringe de encontro às vias aéreas e obstruí-las. RELATO DE CASO: Paciente do sexo feminino, 86 anos, que caiu de uma altura de 1,5 m e bateu o pescoço na escada, foi admitida em nosso Departamento de Traumatologia. Tomografia computadorizada e radiografia dos tecidos moles do pescoço foram feitas e mostraram uma grande massa retrofaríngea que se estendia da base do crânio até o nível dos pulmões. A paciente ficou em observação e o tamanho do hematoma diminuiu espontaneamente nos sete dias subsequentes; contudo, devido a uma infecção pulmonar, a paciente foi a óbito no décimo dia. Este relato enfatiza que a drenagem precoce do hematoma retrofaríngeo poderia ter sido considerada neste caso. Embora seja de ocorrência rara, o hematoma retrofaríngeo é um problema que pode ser encontrado em serviços de emergência.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The development of a retropharyngeal hematoma following a blunt trauma is a rare occurrence. However, a spaceoccupying lesion in this area can be life-threatening and requires rapid assessment and treatment. This is clinically important because of the close proximity of the retropharyngeal space to the upper airway. Any swelling in the the posterior pharyngeal space may prompt it to bulge anteriorly into the airway and cause its obstruction. CASE REPORT: A 86-year-old woman fell from a height of 1.5 m and hit her neck on stairs and was admitted to our trauma department. A computerized tomography scan and a lateral neck x-ray to observe the soft tissue revealed a large retropharyngeal mass extending from the base of the skull down to the level of the lung. The patient was kept under observation and the hematoma reduced spontaneously in the following seven days although the patient died on the tenth day from pulmonary infection. The report emphasizes that early drainage of a retropharyngeal hematoma should be considered in similar cases. Although rarely encountered, retropharyngeal hematoma is a problem that can be faced in an emergency department.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: El desarrollo del hematoma retrofaríngeo posterior al trauma contundente es un hecho raro. Sin embargo, una lesión que ocupa un espacio en esa área puede ser fatal, lo que exige una rápida evaluación y el tratamiento adecuado. Ese tipo de hematoma es clínicamente importante debido a la cercanía entre el espacio retrofaríngeo y la vía aérea superior. Cualquier hinchazón en ese espacio puede causar una protuberancia de la pared posterior de la faringe contra las vías aéreas y obstruirlas. RELATO DE CASO: Paciente del sexo femenino, de 86 años, que se cayó de una altura de 1,5 m y se dio con la escalera en el cuello. Fue admitida en nuestro Departamento de Traumatología. Se realizaron la tomografía computadorizada y la radiografía de los tejidos suaves del cuello, lo que arrojó una gran masa retrofaríngea que se extendía desde la base del cráneo hasta el nivel de los pulmones. La paciente permaneció en observación y el tamaño del hematoma se redujo espontáneamente en los siete días posteriores; sin embargo, y debido a una infección pulmonar, la paciente falleció al décimo día. Ese relato nos muestra que el drenaje rápido del hematoma retrofaríngeo podría haber sido considerado en ese caso. Y aunque sea de una baja incidencia, el hematoma retrofaríngeo es un problema que puede ser encontrado en los servicios de emergencia.

Spontaneous closure of pediatric traumatic macular hole: case report and spectral-domain OCT follow-up / Fechamento espontâneo de buraco macular traumático em criança: relato de caso e seguimento por OCT

Spontaneous closure of a traumatic macular hole (TMH) is an unusual outcome. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and clinical follow-up enabled monitoring of this resolution during a period of a few weeks. We describe a case of spontaneous closure of a TMH with complete visual recovery in a 15 year-old boy and show the follow-up of the macular hole obtained using the Spectral Domain OCT.

O fechamento espontâneo de um buraco macular traumatico é evento raro. A tomografia de coerência óptica (OCT-Spectral domain) é o exame de eleição para o seu acompanhamento. Descrevemos um caso de fechamento espontâneo de buraco macular traumático em menino de 15 anos de idade, com recuperação visual completa em apenas 8 semanas, documentado por tomografia de coerência óptica.

Magnetic resonance imaging of intact globe superior subluxation into the intracranium.

A 67-year-old man with right-sided blunt ocular trauma is reported here. Despite having received primary medical care, the patient complained of severe headache for 14 days. Initial computed tomography (CT) indicated hematoma in the right frontal lobe. However, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) indicated that the right globe along with its optic nerve had been intactly dislocated into the intracranium and differentiated from hematoma. In this case, the significance of MRI, in blunt ocular trauma work-up, and also regaining successful ocular function are highlighted.

Microperimetry and optical coherence tomography in a case of traumatic macular hole and associated macular detachment with spontaneous resolution.

The association of macular detachment with posttraumatic macular hole is a known but rare occurrence. Spontaneously occurring resolution of the detachment and closure of the macular hole has been reported only once in the literature. We describe a similar rare event in a young male, the documentation of which was done serially by microperimetry (MP) and optical coherence tomography (OCT). A 17-year-old male presented with a decrease in vision following a closed globe injury to the left eye. A coexisting macular hole and macular detachment were detected in the affected eye. Serial follow-up with OCT and MP documented complete resolution of the macular hole and the macular detachment within 1 week of presentation. The case highlights that spontaneous resolution of traumatic macular hole and related macular detachment may occur and a waiting period is advisable before undertaking any corrective surgical procedure. The pathophysiologic mechanisms of causation and the resolution of posttraumatic macular hole-related retinal detachment are discussed.